Wiki source code of Stemma

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1 //Stemma// (plural //stémmata//), or in full //stemma codicum//, literally means ‘genealogical tree of the codices’. The word //stemma// ultimately derives from the Greek στέμμα ‘wreath, garland’, in turn from the verb στέφω ‘put / hang around’, but it is used metonomastically already in Latin antiquity to mean ‘genealogical tree’ (e.g. by Suetonius, //De// //vita// //caesarum//, Claudius 2). What we call today a //stemma// //codicum// was proposed in the 18th century as a //tabula quaedam quasi genealogica// by Bengel (§ XXIX, p. 20) in the context of such a hypothetical genealogical tree of witnesses of the New Testament. But apparently only in the 19th century were such “tables” first printed in editions. The first scholar to publish a stemma seems to have been [[Carl Johan Schlyter>>doc:stemmatology.Schlyter, Carl Johan.WebHome]] in 1827 (calling it a //schema cognationis//), whereas Carl Gottlob Zumpt may have been the first person to use the designation //stemma codicum mss.// (i.e. //manuscriptorum,// p. XXXVIII, but relegating the actual stemma to a foot-note) for them in 1831 (cf. Timpanaro 1963, p. 61). The term becomes the accepted technical term in the wake of Paul Maas’s //Textkritik//.
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3 [[CM>>doc:stemmatology.Parvum lexicon stemmatologicum.Contributors.WebHome]] and [[PR>>doc:stemmatology.Parvum lexicon stemmatologicum.Contributors.WebHome]] have proposed this definition: A //stemma (codicum)// is an oriented tree-like graph representing a scholarly/scientific hypothesis about genealogical relationships between witnesses, on the basis of the text-state they contain and on the basis of historical evidence about them as objects.
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5 Stemmata are thus related but not equal to oriented [[tree-graphs>>doc:stemmatology.Tree.WebHome]]. The former may exhibit more than exactly one [[path>>doc:stemmatology.Path.WebHome]] from [[node>>doc:stemmatology.Node (vertex).WebHome]] A to node B, especially so in the case of [[contamination>>doc:stemmatology.Contamination.WebHome]] (usually shown in stemmata as dotted lines). A tree-graph, however, must by definition have exactly one path from any node to any other node. The oriented tree-like graph is more precisely required to be an oriented, or a [[directed, acyclic graph (DAG)>>doc:stemmatology.Directed acyclic graph (DAG).WebHome]]. The definition calls these graphs tree-like as they can usually be changed into tree-graphs by removing relatively few [[edges>>doc:stemmatology.Edge.WebHome]] (those representing contamination). The orientation leads to the facts that such a tree-like graph must have a [[root>>doc:stemmatology.Root.WebHome]], called the [[archetype>>doc:stemmatology.Archetype.WebHome]], from which the rest of the [[tradition >>doc:stemmatology.Tradition.WebHome]]descends. Intermediate [[hyparchetypes>>doc:stemmatology.Hyparchetype.WebHome]] will usually also figure in a stemma. All available information about the text should be taken into consideration to draw a stemma (including external information about the [[transmission>>doc:stemmatology.Transmission.WebHome]]).
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7 Non-oriented graphs are occasionally also called stemmata, but for clarity it would seem preferable to differentiate these as tree-graphs or the like. See also [[cladorama>>doc:stemmatology.Cladorama.WebHome]].
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9 ==== Example ====
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11 **[[image:attach:Pages from Roelli_-_Ekdotik.jpg]]**
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13 Fig. 1: example of a stemma. Stemma for //De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii //by Martianus Capella proposed by Danuta Shanzer (1986, p. 62-81). [[Hyparchetypes>>doc:stemmatology.Hyparchetype.WebHome]] are shown in lower case Greek letters, extant [[manuscripts>>doc:stemmatology.Manuscript.WebHome]] in upper case Latin ones. Dotted lines represent [[contamination>>doc:stemmatology.Contamination.WebHome]]. Ω represents the [[archetype>>doc:stemmatology.Archetype.WebHome]] which suffered corrections (possibly [[extra-stemmatic>>doc:stemmatology.Contamination, extra-stemmatic.WebHome]]) after having been copied.
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15 ==== References ====
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17 – Bengel, Johann Albrecht. 1763. D. Io. Alberti Bengelii //Apparatus criticus ad Novum Testamentum// [...]. Tubingae: Sumptibus Ioh. Georgii Cottae. [[https:~~/~~/archive.org/details/dioalbertibengel00beng>>url:https://archive.org/details/dioalbertibengel00beng||shape="rect"]] Accessed 28 October 2015.
18 – Maas, Paul. //Textkritik//. Leipzig 1927. First edition with the appendix: "Leitfehler und stemmatische Typen", Leipzig 1937. Last edition with changes: Leipzig 1960.
19 – Shanzer, Danuta. 1986. “Felix Capella: Minus sensus qum nominis pecudalis.” //Classical Philology //81 (1): 62–81.
20 – Timpanaro, Sebastiano. 1963. //La genesi del metodo del Lachmann//. Firenze: Le Monnier.
21 – ———. 1981. //La genesi del metodo del Lachmann//. 2nd ed. Padova: Liviana.
22 – ———. 2005. //The Genesis of Lachmann’s Method//. Translated by Glenn W. Most. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. – Translated from Timpanaro 1981.
23 – Zumpt, Carl Gottlob. 1831. //M. Tullii Ciceronis Verrinarum libri septem, ad fidem codicum manu scriptorum recensuit et explicavit Carolus Timotheus Zumptius.// Berolini: Dümmler. [[http:~~/~~/books.google.fr/books?id=OZNbAAAAQAAJ&hl=fr&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false>>url:http://books.google.fr/books?id=OZNbAAAAQAAJ&hl=fr&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false||shape="rect"]] Accessed 28 October 2015.
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25 ==== In other languages ====
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27 DE: Stemma (also, non-technically: Stammbaum)
28 FR: stemma
29 IT: stemma (pl. stemmi)
30 \\[[PR>>doc:stemmatology.Parvum lexicon stemmatologicum.Contributors.WebHome]], [[TA>>doc:stemmatology.Parvum lexicon stemmatologicum.Contributors.WebHome]]