SMEAR II measurements, Hyytiälä

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

Particle size distribution (1- 3 nm; at 35 m height)

TOWER (35 m)

1 s

Particle Size Magnifier (PSM)

4/2014 - 8/2023

Particle size distribution (1- 3 nm; at 2 m height)

CONTAINER

1 s

Particle Size Magnifier (PSM)

4/2014 -

Particle size distribution (1- 3 nm; at 2 m height)

CONTAINER

1 s

Particle Size Magnifier (PSM)

4/2014 - 3/2024

Clusters composition and concentration (1.5 m)

CONTAINER

1 s

High-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-API-TOF)

8/2016 -

Clusters composition and concentration ( at 35 m)

TOWER (35 m)

1 s

High-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-API-TOF)

4/2014 -

Air ion mobility distribution (0.93-3.9 nm; at 2 m height)

HITU-HUT

10 min

Air Ion Spectrometer (AIS)

21/3/2003 - 11/4/2004, 11/8/2004-29/1/2008 (transferred to a new cabin at 8/10/2004)

Air ion mobility distribution (0.4-7.5 nm; 2 m)

REA-HUT

10 min

Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer (BSMA)

23/3/2003 -

Mobility distribution of ions (0.8-42 nm) and size distribution of aerosol particles (2-42 nm)

TOWER (35 m)

1 min

Neutral Cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS)

23/3/2009 -

Mobility distribution of ions (0.8-42 nm) and  size distribution of aerosol particles (2-42 nm) at 2 m height

HITU-HUT

1 min

Neutral Cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS)

6/3/2009 - 19/9/2022

Air ion mobility distribution (0.4-7.5 nm)

TOWER (18 m)

2 min

Symmetric Inclined Grid Mobility Analyzer (SIGMA)

2/3/2011 - 27/03/2012

Aerosol particle number size distribution (3 - 1000 nm)

TOWER (35 m)

10 min

Twin Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) with Condensation Particle Counters

3/2014 - 3/2022

Aerosol particle number size distribution (3-1000 nm; 8 m)

HITU-HUT

10 min

Twin Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) with Condensation Particle Counters

1996 -

Aerosol particle number size distribution (10 - 1000 nm) and  size distribution of positive and negative ions 

CONTAINER

Differential Mobility Particle Sizer with Condensation Particle Counter (Bipolar Hauke DMPS) 

11/2020 - 9/2021

Aerosol particle number size distribution (1 - 1000 nm) and  size distribution of positive and negative ions 

CONTAINER

Differential Mobility Particle Sizer with Condensation Particle Counter, Particle Size Magnifier and electrometer (Bipolar Halfmini DMPS) 

11/2020 - 9/2021

Aerodynamic particle size distribution (0.5- 20 µm; 5 m)

HITU-HUT

10 min

Aerodynamic particle sizer APS TSI 3320

spring 2004 -

Aerodynamic particle size distribution (0.5- 15 µm; 5 m)

HITU-HUT

5 min

UV-Aerodynamic particle sizer, TSI 3314

28/8/2009 - 14/4/2011

Size classified mass collection, Impactor (0- 10 µm; 5 m)

HITU-HUT

3 days

DEKATI PM10 impactor > 10 um, 10 - 2.5 um, 2.5 - 1 um, < 1 um particle sizes

11/2/1999 - 10/10/2000 (with three stage impactor) 10/10/2000 - (with modified four stage impactor)

Aerodynamic size distribution, electrical impactor (30 nm - 10 µm; 5 m)

HITU-HUT

1 min

0.03 - 10 um particle sizes, 12 channels, ELPI Dekati

5/2005 - 27/10/2016

Aerosol particle scattering coefficient (5 m)

HITU-HUT

10 min

Nephelometer, TSI 3563

1/6/2006 - 12/12/2024

Number of particles able to form into cloud droplets (8 m)

HITU-HUT

1 sec

ClouD Condensation Nuclei Counter (CCN-100)

7/2007 -

Charged and non-charged particles (5 m)

HITU-HUT

36 sec

IoniDMPS, TSI 3025A

15/3/2005 - 12/10/2010

Hygroscopicity (5 m)

HITU-HUT

5 min

HTDMA, TSI 3785

4/2008 - autumn 2009

Particle volatility (8 m)

HITU-HUT

20 min

Twin Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS) with Condensation Particle Counters and oven

28/2/2007 - 4/2022

PM10 Particle mass concentration (5 m)

HITU-HUT

1 min

Thermo Scientific 5030 SHARP Monitor

6/2011 -

Particle concentration (5 m)

HITU-HUT

1 sec

Aerodyne Research CAPS PMex Monitor

5/1/2012 - 5/9/2016

Black Carbon particle mass concentration (5 m)

HITU-HUT

1 min

Thermo Electron CARUSSO / MAAP 5012 Black Carbon Monitor

1/11/2012 -

Particle absorption coefficient (5 m)

HITU-HUT

1 min

Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP)

12/10/2011 - 10/3/2016

Light absorption by particles (5 m)

HITU-HUT

Continuous Light Absorption Photometer (CLAP)

01/2018 -

Black carbon mass concentration (5 m)

HITU-HUT

10 min

Magee Scientific Company Aethalometer

8/12/2004 - 27/2/2018

Magee Scientific Aethalometer AE33-7

12/3/2018 -

Aerosol optical depth

TOWER (35 m)

Cimel CE-318 sunphotometer

2/2008 -

Chemical composition (3 m)

CONTAINER

30 min

ACSM

14/11/2012 -

Chemical composition (3 m)

CONTAINER

4 hours

OCEC

9/2009 - 10/2019

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) sampler

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

Sampling twice a week with Tenax tubes

? - 2007

Burkard bio aerosol sampler

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

2 hour (with microscope)

Continuous sampling, during March - September (impactor)

12/9/2002 - 30/9/2011

EMEP, Nitrogen & Sulphur compounds (2 m)

HITU-HUT

3 days

3-fraction filter sampler

? - 12/2010

PM10, PAH (2 m)

HITU-HUT

1 day

MCZ Micro-PNS-S7 filter sampler

27/10/2008 - 28/2/2011

HITU-HUT

2 days

MCZ Micro-PNS-S7 filter sampler

28/2/2011 - 31/3/2015

FMI-CONTAINER

2 days

MCZ Micro-PNS-S7 filter sampler

31/3/2015 -

PM10 Heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn)

FMI-CONTAINER

7 days

MCZ Micro-PNS-S7 filter sampler

2017 -

PM10 Main ions (SO2-S, SO4-S, (HNO3+NO3)-N, (NH3+NH4)-N, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl)

FMI-CONTAINER

7 days

3-stage EMEP filter sampler

2017 -

 QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

DATA AVAILABILITY

Fluorescence of the canopy

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 sec

2 * Ocean Optics USB2000+ Spectrometers (up and down)

3/2010- 10/11/2015

PI

Clorophyll fluorescence (and PAR) of pine needles from several points (up to 6)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

1 sec - 10 min

Walz MONI-HEAD/485

3/2007-

PI

Clorophyll fluorescence (and PAR) of pine needles from several points (up to 6)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 sec - 10 min

Walz MONI-HEAD/485

5/2018-

PI

Clorophyll fluorescence (and PAR) of pine needles from several points (up to 6)

PHOTO3-TOWER

1 sec - 10 min

Walz MONI-HEAD/485

6/2021-

PI

Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, VOC, NO, NOx, O3) by shoots (various heights)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

15-30 min

Closing cuvettes, teflon tubes and gas analyzers

1997, VOC since 2005

Ended in 2015

AVAA (API),
Photo

Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, VOC, NO, NOx, O3) by shoots (various heights) inc. T and PAR

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

15-30 min

Closing cuvettes, teflon tubes and gas analyzers

2014 -

NO/NOx 2014 - 1/2015

O3 2014 - 6/2016

Photo

Exchange of 12CO2, 13CO2 and H2O by shoots and stems (various levels)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

15-30 min

Closing cuvettes, teflon tubes and Isotopic Carbon Dioxide Analyzer

6/2017-3/2021

Photo

Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, VOC) by stems (various levels) inc. T and PAR

PHOTO1-TOWER (17m)

30 min

Steady state cuvettes, teflon tubes and gas analyzers

2001-, VOC 2013-

Photo

Exchange of gases (CO2, H2O, VOC) by stems (various levels) inc. T and PAR

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

30 min

Steady state cuvettes, teflon tubes and gas analyzers

Closing cuvettes, teflon tubes and gas analyzers

2014 - 2015

2016-

Photo

05/2022-

VOC ended 2024

Stem temperature (various levels)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

1 min

Thermoelement

 Not anymore

PI

Stem temperature (various levels)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Thermoelement

 2017-

PI

Stem temperature (treebox 1, various levels)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Pt100

12/2019-

Stem temperature (treeboxes 2-4, various levels)

PHOTO3-TOWER 

1 min

Pt100

12/2019-

Stem temperature (treeboxes 5-9, various levels)

FOREST

1 min

Pt100

12/2019-

Sap pressure

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

Pressure transducer

2016-

PI

Sapflow (various levels)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

1 min

Thermal dissipation probes (Granier method)

 15/7/1997-

Tree_dynamics

Sapflow (various levels)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Thermal dissipation probes (Granier method)

AVAA (API)

Sapflow (various levels, treebox 1)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Thermal dissipation probes (Granier method)

12/2019-

Sapflow (various levels, treeboxes 2-4)

PHOTO3-TOWER

1 min

Thermal dissipation probes (Granier method)

12/2019-

Sapflow (various levels, treeboxes 5-9)

FOREST

1 min

Thermal dissipation probes (Granier method)

12/2019-

Diameter change (various levels)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

1 min

Linear displacement transducer (Solartron)

 30/5/2001-

PI

Diameter change (various levels)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Linear displacement transducer (Solartron)

PI

Diameter change (various levels, treebox 1)

PHOTO2-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Linear displacement transducer (Solartron)

12/2019-

Diameter change (various levels, treeboxes 2-4)

PHOTO3-TOWER

1 min

Linear displacement transducer (Solartron)

12/2019-

Diameter change (various levels, treeboxes 5-9)

FOREST

1 min

Linear displacement transducer (Solartron)

12/2019-

Circumference change (various levels)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

ELPA sensor

Not anymore

-

Shoot and needle growth (various levels)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

Potentiometric sensor (KFIRAOS)

Not anymore

-

Stem diameter change of 7 pines

FOREST

15 min

Online band dendrometers

29/4/2010- 5/11/2014

database_EU

Stem circumference change of 6 pines and 3 spruces

ICOS CP

1 second

EMS Brno DR26 band dendrometers

12/2022-

Branch litter collectors

FOREST

1 year

On the ground

 7/1996-

AVAA, ancillary_ecosystem

Litter collection

FOREST

30 days

Litter collectors

 6/1996-

AVAA, ancillary_ecosystem

Litter collection

ICOS CP

14 / 30 days

Litter collectors

11/2018-

AVAA, ICOS data portal

Ground vegetation gas exchange

CATCHMENT

30 min-3 h

Closing cuvettes, see Forest floor fluxes

Ground vegetation 12 CO2, 13CO2 and H2O exchange

CATCHMENT

30 min-3 h

Closing cuvettes and Isotopic Carbon Dioxide Analyzer

6/2017-3/2021

Reflection spectrum of pine needles (at 15 m height)

PHOTO1-TOWER (17 m)

ASD FieldSpec HH spectrometer

Not anymore, terminated at autumn 2004

PI

Photochemical reflectance index (31 m height)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

2 x Skye SKR 1800 (in and out)

11/2009-

AVAA

Photochemical reflectance index (35 m height)

TOWER (35 m)

5 min

5 x Decagon SRS (2 x in and 3 x out)

3/2015 - 10/2016

decagon

Normalized difference vegetation index (31 m height)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

2 x Skye SKR 1800 (in and out)

11/2009-

AVAA

Normalized difference vegetation index (35 m height)

TOWER (35 m)

5 min

5 x Decagon SRS (2 x in and 3 x out)

3/2015 - 10/2016

decagon

Root growth

Catchment

1 day

1-5 Epson perfection scanners

2017-

Shoot length growth

PHOTO-TOWERS

3 x / week

Manual measurement

2002 - (during growing season)

Needle length growth

PHOTO-TOWERS

3 x / week

Manual measurement

2002 - (during growing season)

Tree height

Catchment

1 year

Manual measurement (Vertex)

Tree diameter

Catchment

1 year

Manual measurement (tree caliper)

Foliage nutrients

ICOS CP

1/2 year

Needle sampling

2018, 2021

ICOS data portal

Foliage leaf mass / area ratio

ICOS CP

1/2 year

Needle sampling

2018, 2021

ICOS data portal

Leaf Area Index

ICOS CP

3 per growing season

Digital hemispherical photograps

2018-

ICOS data portal

Fine woody litter

ICOS CP

1 year

Sample collection from 1 m2 plots (one per CP)

2019

ICOS data portal

Coarse woody litter

ICOS CP

1 year

Measurement from 3 25,24 m lines per CP

2019

ICOS data portal

Surface vegetation

ICOS CP

1 year

Sample collection from 5 0,0625 m2 plots per CP

2019

ICOS data portal

Understorey

ICOS CP

1 year

Measurement from  5 1 m2 plots per CP

2019

ICOS data portal

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

DATA AVAILABILITY

Snow collectors (winter)

CATCHMENT

14 days

Bucket collectors + chemical analysis

 1/1997 -

Snow

Snow depth (winter)

CATCHMENT

7 days

Manual measurement at seven locations

 1/1997 -

AVAA

Snow water content (winter)

CATCHMENT

14 days

Manual measurement at seven locations

winter 2004 -

Snow

Snow depth

FIELD

1 min

Jenoptik SHM30 optical snow depth sensor, FMI

1/2014 -

AVAA

Water collectors

CATCHMENT

14 days

Chutes and canisters + chemical analysis

1997 -

Water collectors

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

14 days

Bucket collectors + chemical analysis

1997 - 2017

ancillary_ecosystem

TOWER (35 m)

14 days

Bucket collectors + chemical analysis

2017 -

Stemflow (summer)

CATCHMENT

Sampling with bottles

Terminated at spring 2001, started again at summer 2003, terminated at 2008

Soil temperature (depths of 0-1.6 m)

CATCHMENT

15 min

Thermistor (Philips)

1997 - 2024

AVAA

Soil temperature (depths of 0-0.75 m)

ICOS PLOTS

1 min

Delta-T ST4 at four locations and 5-6 depths

8/2017 - summer 2024

AVAA

Soil water potential (depths of 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.3, 1.6 m)

CATCHMENT

15 min

Tensiometer (Transinstruments)

1/1997- 2012

Soil matric potential (depths of 0.05-0.5 m)

CATCHMENT

15 min

Delta-T-Devices EQ2 Equitensiometer

16/6/2005 - 6/2023

AVAA

Soil water content (depths of 0-1.6 m)

CATCHMENT

30 min

Time domain reflectometer (Tektronix)

9/5/1997 - 12/2004

AVAA

Soil water content (depths of 0-1.6 m)

CATCHMENT

30 min

Time domain reflectometer (Campbell TDR 100)

1/2005 - 5/2021

AVAA

Soil water content (depths of 0.05-0.75 m)

ICOS PLOTS

1 min

Delta-T ML3 at four locations and 4-5 depths

8/2017 - summer 2024

AVAA

Soil solution (depths of 0-1.6 m)

CATCHMENT

30 days

Lysimeters (Prenart Equipment), + chemical analysis

5/1997-

ancillary_ecosystem

Amount of CO2, CH4 and N2O (seven depths)

CATCHMENT

Sampling with subsequent analysis

Not during summer 2002 ? Terminated.

ancillary_ecosystem

Heat capacity and conductivity (0.8 m)

CATCHMENT

6 h

Stainless steel sonde

 23/11/1999 - 18/2/2008

Outflow from the area

CATCHMENT

1 min

Flowmeters in two dams, + chemical analysis

 7/6/1997 -

AVAA

CO2 concentration in the ground (four depths)

CATCHMENT

1 min

Vaisala Carbocap GMP343

9/6/2004 - 14/6/2017

CO2, 13CO2 and CH4 concentrations in the ground (four depths)

CATCHMENT

7 min

Picarro G1101-i laser spectrometer

8/2014 - 10/2019

Picarroc13

Soil CO2, N2O and CH4 exchange (MASA)

CATCHMENT

1 day

Closing cuvette (1 hour closures), automatic sampling to vials

8/2006 - 9/2015 (not during winters)

Soil_dynamics

Soil moisture (depths: humus, 10, 25, 50 cm; MASA)

CATCHMENT

5 sec

Theta-probes

1/2/2007 - 4/2023

AVAA

Temperature (depths: humus, 10, 25, 50 cm; MASA)

CATCHMENT

5 sec

Termocouples

20/10/2006 - 6/2023?

AVAA

Forest floor CO2 and VOC fluxes

CATCHMENT

3 h

Closing cuvettes, teflon tubes and gas analyzers

1997 - 2020

Photo

Forest floor CO2 fluxes

CATCHMENT

30 min

Closing cuvettes, Vaisala GMP343 CO2 analyzers

Spring 2007 - 12/2020

Soil_dynamics

Forest floor CO2, CH4 and H2O fluxes

CATCHMENT

1 h

Closing transparent chambers at six locations and Picarro G1301 gas analyzer (HASC chambers)

2/2021 - 9/2023

Forest floor CO2 and H2O fluxes

ICOS PLOTS

1 h

Closing chambers at six locations and Vaisala GMP343 CO2 analyzers (ICOS chambers)

10/2022 -

Forest floor CO2 fluxes

CATCHMENT

14 - 30 days

Manual chamber measurements at 12-16 locations and Vaisala GMP343 CO2 analyzer

Forest floor CH4 and N2O fluxes

CATCHMENT

14 - 30 days

Manual chamber measurements at six locations, Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Soil heat flux

CATCHMENT

1 min

Hukseflux HFP01 heat plates at four locations

2005 - 2017

AVAA

Soil heat flux

ICOS PLOTS

1 min

Hukseflux HFP01 heat plates at four locations

8/2017 -

AVAA

Soil water content

CATCHMENT

15 min

StyX Neutronica Black Puppet SP Cosmic Ray Neutron Detector, model series StX-145-X-X, with 5 detector tubes & thermal neutron shield

6/2022 -

Soil water content, wet spot

FOREST

15 min

StyX Neutronica Black Puppet SP Cosmic Ray Neutron Detector, model series StX-145-X-X, with 5 detector tubes & thermal neutron shield, located at 200 m from mast to east

7/2022 -

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

Temperature (4.2, 8.4, 16.8, 33.6, 50.4 and 67.2 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Ventilated and shielded sensor (Pt-100)

1996-

Temperature and RH profile (27, 21.6, 16.7, 12.5, 8.8, 5.8, 3.3, 1.5, 0.4 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 s

Rotronic HygroClip (HC2-S3C03-PT15)

10/2018-

Temperature (16.8 m)

MAST (127 m)

Rotronic RS12T / RS24T, HygroMet MP102H-530300, HygroClip2 (HC2-S)

9/2012 - 8/2017

MAST (127 m)

Rotronic RS12T / RS24T, HygroMet MP102H-530300, HygroClip2 (HC2-S3)

24/8/2017-

Temperature (67.2 m)

MAST (127 m)

Rotronic RS24T, HygroMet MP102H-530300, HygroClip2 (HC2-S)

9/2012 - 9/2017

MAST (127 m)

Rotronic RS24T, HygroMet MP102H-530300, HygroClip2 (HC2A-S3)

26/9/2017-

Temperature (125 m)

MAST (127 m)

Rotronic RS12T / RS24T, HygroMet MP102H-530300, HygroClip2 (HC2-S)

9/2012-

Air temperature (1.5 m)

FIELD

10 s

Pt 100 resistance, Vaisala dewpoint transmitter

1/2018 -

Air humidity (1.5 m)

FIELD

10 s

Vaisala dewpoint transmitter

1/2018 -

Wind speed (4.2, 8.4, 16.8, 33.6, 50.4 and 67.2 m)

MAST (127 m)

 1 min

Vector A101M/L cup anemometer

1996 - 4/9/2003

Wind speed (33.6 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Vector A101M/L cup anemometer

5/9/2003 - 2013

Wind direction (16.8, 33.6 and 50.4 m)

MAST (127 m)

 1 min

Vector W200P wind vane

1996 - 4/9/2003

Wind speed and direction (8.4, 16.8, 33.6 and 74.0 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Thies Ultrasonic Anemometer 2D

5/9/2003- 11/7/2011

Wind speed and direction (8.4, 16.8, 33.6 and 67.2 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Thies Ultrasonic Anemometer 2D

11/07/2011 - 11/2015?

Wind speed and direction (8.4, 16.8 and 33.6 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Thies Ultrasonic Anemometer 2D

11/2015 - 

Wind speed and direction (67.2 m)

MAST (127 m)

0.1 s

Metek uSonic -3 Anemometer

11/2015-

Wind speed and direction (125 m)

MAST (127 m)

0.1 s

Metek uSonic -3 Anemometer

10/2015-

Wind speed and direction (1.5 m)

FIELD

0.1 s

Gill 3D sonic anemometer

1/2014 -

Wind speed and direction (3 m)

FIELD

1 s

Vaisala 2D sonic anemometer

12/2017-

Dew point temperature (23 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

chilled mirror dew point monitor

4/1998 

General Eastern Hygro E4

4/1998 - 10/2010

Ambient pressure (0 m, 180 m asl)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Druck DPI 260 barometer

1996-

Ambient pressure (30 m, 210 m asl)

MAST (127 m)

10 sec

Vaisala PTB210 barometer

9/2015-

Ambient pressure (1.5 m, 145 m asl)

FIELD

1 min

Metallic aneroid capsule capacitance, Vaisala PA-11

11/2017-

Dew point temperature (16 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

chilled mirror dew point monitor

7/2011

EdgeTech Model 200M Meteorological System

7/2011 - 1/2017

Dew point temperature (35 m)

TOWER (35 m)

1 min

EdgeTech Model 200M Meteorological System

14/2/2017-

Relative humidity (16 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

HYgroclip2 probe

6/2012- 17/1/17

Relative humidity (35 m)

TOWER (35 m)

Hygroclip2 probe

14/2/2017-

Relative humidity and temperature (16 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

Rotronic humidity and temperature sensor MP102H

6/2012- 17/1/2017

Relative humidity and temperature (35 m)

TOWER (35 m)

5 sec

Rotronic humidity and temperature sensor MP102H

14/2/2017-

Rain (18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

15 min (1 min)

Vector ARG-100 tipping bucket rain gauge

8/1996- 1/2017

Rain (35 m)

TOWER (35 m)

1 sec

Vector ARG-100 tipping bucket rain gauge

3/7/2018-

Surface Wetness Sensor (18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

15 min (1 min)

Vaisala DRD 11-A raindetector

8/1996- 1/2017

Visibility, precipitation, temperature (35 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Vaisala FD12P Weather sensor

5/4/2005-17/9/2019

TOWER (35 m)

1 min

Vaisala FD12P Weather sensor

17/9/2019-

Rain (2 m)

CATCHMENT

1 min

Vector ARG-100 tipping bucket rain gauge

7/6/1997-

Total precipitation (intensity and accumulation) (1.5 m)

FIELD

1 min

Bucket weighing, OTT Pluvio2, 400 sq.cm, Tretyakov added with surrounding Alter wind shield, NASA

12/2013-

Total precipitation (intensity and accumulation) (4 m)

FIELD

1 min

Bucket weighing, OTT Pluvio2, 200 sq.cm, Tretyakov wind shield, inside DFIR, NASA

12/2013-

Surface precipitation, particle size distribution (4 m)

FIELD

1 min

Optical distrometer, Ott Parsivel2, FMI (2 instruments)

12/2013-

FIELD

1 min

2D video distrometer (particle video imaging), Joanneum research, FMI

1/2014-

Surface precipitation, particle size and shape (1 m)

FIELD

1 min

Particle video imaging, PIP, NASA

12/2013-

Surface precipitation, particle size and shape (2 m)

FIELD

1 min

Particle holographic imaging, SAKU III, University of Oulu

3/2016- 6/2020

Vertical profile of rain (0.5 m)

FIELD

10 s

Microwave backscatter, FM-CW K-band radar, Metek MRR-2, University of Birmingham, University of Helsinki

12/2013- 9/2019

Vertical profile of hydrometeors (1 m)

FIELD

3 s (adjustable)

Microwave backscatter, pulsed polarimetric Ka-band cloud radar, Metek MIRA 36, FMI

10/2016-

FIELD

3 s (adjustable)

Microwave backscatter, FM-CW polarimetric W-band cloud radar, RPG FMCW-94

10/2017-

Vertical profile of hydrometeors (5 m)

FIELD

3 s (adjustable)

Microwave backscatter, pulsed polarimetric C-band cloud radar, EEC WSR-81C + Vaisala AMR

9/2016-

Vertical profile of temperature and humidity (1 m)

FIELD

60 s (adjustable)

Microwave and thermal infrared radiometry, RPG HATPRO

3/2018-

Wind velocity profile

ROOF

Sound Detection and Ranging

3/2000?- 11/2008

Cloud height

ROOF

16 sec

Halo Photonics Streamline Lidar

14/09/2006 - 12/2021

TOWER (35 m)

16 sec

Halo Photonics Streamline Lidar

12/2021 -

Cloud height

HITU-HUT (platform)

16 sec

Vaisala Ceilometer CL31

2002-9/2021

FIELD

10 sec

Vaisala Ceilometer CL61

8/2021-

Boundary layer height, vertical wind profile, depolarization ratio profile

ROOF

Halo Photonics Streamline Lidar

1/1/2013 - 12/2021

TOWER (35 m)

Halo Photonics Streamline Lidar

12/2021 - 

QUANTITY

Location

Time resolution

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

Solar radiation spectrum (280 - 580 nm wavelength)

A-BUILDING ROOF

30 min

Bentham radiospectrometer

14/2/2003 - 8/2020

UV-A (18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Solar SL 501A pyranometer, range 320 - 400 nm

1996- 14/2/2017

UV-A (37 m)

TOWER (35 m)

<1 min

Solar SL 501A pyranometer, range 320 - 400 nm

14/2/2017-19/12/2024

UV-B (18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Solar SL 501A pyranometer, range 280 - 320 nm

1996- 14/2/2017

UV-B (37 m)

TOWER (35 m)

<1 min

Solar SL 501A pyranometer, range 280 - 320 nm

14/2/2017-19/12/2024

Global shortwave radiation (18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Reemann TP 3 pyranometer, range 300 - 4800 nm

1996- 15/6/2008

Global shortwave radiation (37 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Middleton solar SK08 pyranometer

15/6/2008 - 14/2/2017

TOWER (35 m)

1 min

Middleton solar SK08 pyranometer

14/2/2017- 24/8/2017

TOWER (35 m)

<1 min

Middleton solar EQ08-S pyranometer

25/8/2017-

Global shortwave radiation (125 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Middleton SK08 pyranometer, range 300 - 4800 nm

20/09/2011-19/12/2017

Diffuse shortwave radiation

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Reemann TP 3 pyranometer with shading ring, range 300 - 4800 nm

15/3/2000- 18/3/2010

Reflected global radiation (70 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Reemann TP 3 pyranometer, range 300 - 4800 nm

?- 20/09/2011

Incoming and reflected global radiation (70 m)

MAST (127 m)

<1 min

Kipp & Zonen CNR4 net radiometer

5/10/2017-

Reflected global radiation (125 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Middleton SK08 pyranometer, range 300 - 4800 nm

20/09/2011-

PAR, total (37 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Li-Cor LI -190SZ quantum sensor, range 400 - 700 nm

1996- 14/2/2017

TOWER (35 m)

1 min

Li-Cor LI -190SZ quantum sensor, range 400 - 700 nm

14/2/2017-

TOWER (35 m)

<1 min

LI-Cor LI-190SL

14/2/2017-

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

<1 min

Delta T Sunshine Sensor BF5

15/11/2014- 14/2/2017

TOWER (35 m)

<1 min

Delta T Sunshine Sensor BF5

14/2/2017-

Diffuse PAR (37 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

1 min

Delta T Sunshine Sensor BF3

12/2009 - 11/2014

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

<1 min

Delta T Sunshine Sensor BF5

15/11/2014- 14/2/2017

TOWER (35 m)

<1 min

Delta T Sunshine Sensor BF5

14/2/2017-

Reflected PAR (70 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Li-Cor LI -190SZ quantum sensor, range 400 - 700 nm

9/1996 - 9/2017

MAST (127 m)

<1 min

LI-190/R

29/9/2017-

Longwave (thermal infrared) radiation in and out (33 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Kipp & Zonen CNR1

11/2009-

Longwave (thermal infrared) radiation in and out (70 m)

MAST (127 m)

<1 min

Kipp & Zonen CNR4

10/2017-

Net radiation (70 m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Reemann MB 1 net radiometer

?- 20/09/2011

MAST (127 m)

1 min

Kipp & Zonen NRLite2 net radiometer

6/2014 - 9/2017

Direct sun radiance

TOWER (35 m)

Cimel sun photometer

7/2/2008-

Land surface/canopy temperature 

TOWER (35 m)

Two thermal infrared radiometers (LAW-1)

8/2021 - 

PAR below canopy (0.7 m)

FOREST

10 sec

4x Li-Cor LI -190SZ quantum sensors on the stationary boom, "maapar"

1/11/2003 -

PAR below canopy (0.7 m)

FOREST

15 sec

15 x Apogee SQ-100 sensors, "canpar"

24/6/2010 - 28/5/2019

PAR below canopy

ICOS PLOTS

1 sec

Li-Cor Li-190 at 4 plots, 4 sensors per plot, at 0.5 m height

10/2018 - 4/2023

1 sec

Li-Cor Li-190 at 4 plots, 5 sensors per plot, at 1.3 m height

4&5/2023 -

Net radiation below canopy

FOREST

10 sec

2 x Reeman MB-1 net radiometers

1/11/2003- 201x

PAR distribution within the canopy (8.3, 8.9, 9.5, 10.1, 10.7 m)

FOREST

10 sec

168 PAR sensors attached to a separate mast, "valoharava" 

summers of 1998-2000

PAR distribution below the canopy (0.7 m)

FOREST

10 sec

PAR sensors on the portable booms "valoharava"

summer 2004

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

CO2, H2O and CH4 concentration (16.8, 67.2 and 125m)

 MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Synflex sample lines and Picarro G1301 CRDS

February 2012 - October 2014

CO2, H2O, CH4 and CO concentration (16.8, 67.2 and 125m)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Synflex sample lines and Picarro G2401 CRDS

October 2014 -

O3 concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Teflon sample lines, one gas analyser (UV absorbtion)

January 1996 -

MAST (127 m)

TEI 49

January 1996 - May 2004

MAST (127 m)

TEI 49C

May 2004 -

SO2 concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Teflon sample lines, one gas analyser (UV fluorescence)

January 1996 -

MAST (127 m)

TEI 43BS

1996 - January 2004

MAST (127 m)

TEI 43CTL

January 2004 - September 2010

MAST (127 m)

TEI 43i-TLE

September 2010 -

NO & NOx concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Teflon sample lines, one gas analyser (chemiluminescence + NO2 to NO converter)

January 1996 -

MAST (127 m)

TEI 42S with molybdenum converter

1996 - August 1996

MAST (127 m)

TEI 42CTL with molybdenum converter

August 1996 - February 2007

MAST (127 m)

TEI 42CTL with photolytic converter

March 2007 - April 2011

MAST (127 m)

TEI 42iTL with photolytic converter

May 2011 -

H2O concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Teflon sample lines, one gas analyser (infra red absorbtion)

Janury 1996 - December 2017

MAST (127 m)

URAS 4

January 1996 - September 2011

MAST (127 m)

LI-840

September 2011 - December 2017

CO2 concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Teflon sample lines, one gas analyser (infra red absorbtion)

 January 1996 - December 2017

MAST (127 m)

URAS 4

January 1996 - May 2010

MAST (127 m)

LI-840

June 2010 - December 2017

CO concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Teflon sample lines, one gas analyser (infra red absorbtion)

June 2002 -

MAST (127 m)

Horiba APMA 360

June 2002 - March 2010

MAST (127 m)

API 300EU

March 2010 - January 2011

MAST (127 m)

Horiba APMA 370

February 2011 - January 2016

MAST (127 m)

API 300EU

February 2016 -

VOC concentration (eight heights)

MAST (127 m)

1 min @ 6 min interval

Ionicon Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer

since spring 2007

VOC concentration

TOWER (35 m)

1 s

Vocus Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (VOCUS-PTR-TOF)

10/2021 - 4/2022

Hg -monitor (2 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

5 min

Tekran 2537X/A/B

27/10/2008-

O₃ -monitor (FMI; 2 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

TEI 49i

2017 -

NO/NO₂- monitor (FMI; 2 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

TEI 42i-TL

2017 -

NH3 (2 m)

MAIN-HUT

1 sec

Stockholm University Ammonia Instrument

 2/2007- 2010

NH3 (2 m)

MAIN-HUT

IMS (Ion Mobility Spectrometer)

9/2007 - 11/2009

NO (one height)

TOWER (35 m)

30 sec

Teflon sample line, length 2 m, chemiluminescence gas analyser

March 2016-

Ecophysics CLD 780TR

March 2016 -January 2020, November 2022 - 

O₃ analyser

TOWER (35 m)

1 min

API 400

June 2018-

NO₂ (one height)

TOWER (35 m)

LGR

November 2022 - 

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance ; 46 m)

MAST (127 m)

30 min

Ultrasonic anemometer (Solent 1012R2)

2/1998- 26/6/2000

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance ; 23 m)

MAST (127 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 6262, infra red absorbtion)

3/4/1996- 28/6/2002

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 46 m)

MAST (127 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 6262, infra red absorbtion)

2/1998- 26/6/2000

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 23 m)

MAST (127 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 6262, infra red absorbtion)

4/1996- 12/2018

Total number concentration flux of aerosol particles (Eddy Covariance; 23 m)

MAST (127 m)

Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)

3/1997-9/2019

Total number concentration flux of aerosol particles (Eddy Covariance; 23 m)

FLUX-TOWER (23 m)

Condensation Particle Counter (CPC 3750)

12/2020-

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance; 18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

30 min

Ultrasonic anemometer (Solent HS1199)

8/2001-3/2019

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance; 23 m)

FLUX-TOWER (23 m)

Ultrasonic anemometer (Metek)

4/2020-

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 6262, infrared absorbtion)

8/2001-3/2019

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 23 m)

FLUX-TOWER (23 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 7550, infrared absorbtion)

9/2023 -

Flux of O3 (Eddy Covariance 18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (LOZ-3, chemiluminescence)

8/2001-9/2013

Size segregating number concentration flux of aerosol particles

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

Relaxed Eddy Accumulation method (REA) + Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS)

11/10/2001 - 5/5/2009

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance; 3/11 m)

MAST (3 m)

Ultrasonic anemometer (Solent 1012R2)

1/8/2003- 29/9/2006. Sampling level changed from 3 m to 11 m 2/6/2005. 

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 3/11 m)

MAST (3 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 6262, infrared absorbtion)

?- 6/2012

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 3 m)

MAST (3 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor 7000, infrared absorbtion)

 6/2012- 3/1/2015

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance; 3 m)

MAST (3 m)

30 min

Ultrasonic anemometer (Metek)

?- spring 2003

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance; 3 m)

MAST (3 m)

Ultrasonic anemometer (Metek)

13/10/2003- 3/1/2015

Flux of CH4 and N2O (c. 3 m)

MAST (3 m)

TGA100 (infrared absorption, tunable diode laser)

Terminated at spring 2003. Started again 9/2007 - 11/2008

Flux of CH4 and H2O (Eddy Covariance; 18 m)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

Picarro G1301-f (cavity ringdown spectrometer)

8/2016-7/2018

Flux of carbonyl sulfide (COS), CO2 and H2O (Eddy covariance)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

30 min

Aerodyne Mini QCL Monitor (quantum cascade laser spectrometer)

spring 2013- 31/8/2017

Flux of carbonyl sulfide (COS) (Eddy covariance, 23 m)

FLUX-TOWER (23 m)

30 min

Aerodyne QC-Tildas

4/2020-

Flux of momentum and heat (Eddy Covariance ; 27 m)

MAST (127 m)

30 min

Ultrasonic anemometer (Gill HS-50)

3/2018-

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Eddy Covariance ; 27 m)

MAST (127 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor Li-7200)

3/2018-

Storage change of CO2 and H2O

MAST (127 m)

6 min

Picarro G1301-f (cavity ringdown spectrometer) with sequential sampling from 9 heights (27, 21.6, 16.7, 12.5, 8.8, 5.8, 3.3, 1.5, 0.4 m)

9/2018-

Flux of momentum and heat (Sub-canopy Eddy Covariance ; 2.5 m)

MAST (3 m)

Sonic anemometer (Metek u-Sonic-3 Sci)

8/2019-

Flux of CO2 and H2O (Sub-canopy Eddy Covariance ; 2.5 m)

MAST (3 m)

30 min

High frequency gas analyser (Li-Cor Li-7200)

8/2019-

Flux of volatile organic compounds (35 m)

TOWER (35 m)

1 s

Vocus Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (VOCUS-PTR-TOF)  and Metek Anemometer

4/2022 - 

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

Radon

HITU-HUT

7 days

Continuous filter sampling, filters replaced weekly

1994- 2/2015

Radon -222 (6 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

7 days

Continuous filter sampling, Geiger-Muller- counter

11/2017-

Radon

HITU-HUT

1 hour

2011- (2015 ?)

Radon

REA - HUT

1 min

12/2017 - 6/2021

Ambient radiation

HITU-HUT

10 min

12/2000-2015?

Ambient radiation (gamma and cosmic radiation; 2 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

10 min

Pressure ionization chamber

2007-

Ambient radiation (gamma and cosmic radiation; 2 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

 10 min

 Geiger-Muller -counter

2013-

Ambient radiation (total gamma radiation 100-3000 keV; 1 m)

FMI-CONTAINER

1 min

Nal(Tl) Scintillation detector

2014-

Atmospheric electric field at the earth's surface

FIELD

1 min

Campbell CS 110 Electric Field Meter Sensor

6/2017-

QUANTITY

LOCATION

TIME RESOLUTION

METHOD

TEMPORAL COVERAGE

PAH

HITU-HUT

30 days

deposition sampler

11/2008- 3/2015

FMI-CONTAINER

30 days

deposition sampler

3/2015-10/2016

FIELD

30 days

deposition sampler

10/2016-

Hg

FMI-CONTAINER

30 days

deposition sampler

6/2009-10/2016

FIELD

30 days

deposition sampler

10/2016-

Main ions (pH, SJK, Cl, NO3-N, SO4-S, Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH4-N)

FIELD

7 days

NILU-sampler

2017-

Heavy metals, trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn)

FIELD

30 days

NILU-sampler

2017-

Rain/Snow sampler (summer/winter)

RAD-TOWER (18 m)

14 days

Sampling with bottles/buckets

1997 - 2017

TOWER (35 m)

14 days

Sampling with bottles/buckets

2017-