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A distinction is normally drawn between a ‘direct witness’, which is an instance of the text observed directly in a document, and an ‘indirect witness', which may be a paraphrase, a translation, or even merely a reference to the text. Witnesses may be complete or incomplete, i.e. fragmentary or lacunary. Some scholars may also speak of a ‘conjectural witness’, which is not an extant textual witness but rather a postulated lost intermediary in a stemma.
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